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Makes Sense Strategies™ (MSS) is composed of scientific research-based instructional procedures and resources designed for “wateringup” the curriculum, and was developed and validated by Edwin Ellis, Ph.D. (University of Alabama). Data from a range of scientific studies in schools have documented substantial increases in academic performance.
Makes Sense Strategies…
- Is based on principles of brain-based learning & universal instruction.
- Features use of cognitive elaboration strategies and higher-order thinking skills.
- Focuses on essential understandings of big ideas rather than memorization of trivia.
Used when teaching…
- Critical & analytical thinking.
- Reading & listening comprehension.
- Process writing & note-taking.
- Vocabulary & abstract concepts.
- Social studies, science, & math.
- Social skills & character education.
MSS is implemented in…
- Over 50,000 school districts across the U.S.
- Preservice teacher-education programs in numerous universities and colleges.
- Professional development programs of six state departments of education that support statewide implementation of MSS.
How do SMARTsheets™ differ from graphic organizers?
At first glance, Makes Sense Strategies™ (MSS) appears to be a comprehensive collection of graphic organizers. What differentiates MSS from other graphic organizer resources is (a) its use of SMARTsheets™, (b) a comprehensive set of instructional tactics for using them, and (c) an extensive collection of how teachers have used them across a wide range of subjects.
Makes Sense Strategies SMARTsheets™ are different from other graphic organizer resources in several fundamental ways, including use of embedded semantic prompts. These prompts are designed to:
- Signal users to engage in robust thinking and information-processing strategies as they tackle important academic and social tasks.
- Cue users to think about and process information in specific ways that are based on what research has shown to be very powerful language-based or brain-based cognitive learning strategies.
Types of SMARTsheets™
Example: “This Caused” Cause/Effect Graphic Organizer SMARTsheet
- Provide the most extensive selection of graphic organizers (GOs) on the planet, thus enabling teachers to select from those that are very simple to highly sophisticated.
- Visually depict the four most common ways information is structured: hierarchic (whole-topart), compare/contrast, cause/effect, and sequence.
- Contain embedded semantic prompts that signal information structures and cue students to engage in higher-order thinking processes such as drawing conclusions, relating the information to the bigger picture, and making real-world connections.
Example: “Questioning Caterpillar” Reading SMARTsheet
- Are designed for enhancing use of listening and reading cognitive strategies.
- Offer a wide range of SMARTsheets™ provided for each of the following areas:
Story Grammar * Character Analysis Literary Analysis * Text Perusal Story Problem * Questioning Inferencing * Predicting
- Contain embedded semantic prompts that cue use of powerful cognitive comprehension strategies, as well as topic-specific prompts. For example, the Character Analysis SMARTsheets™ contain prompts designed to target or focus student thinking on the essential elements involved when analyzing a character (e.g., appearance and personality of a character, role in the story, how the character changed).
- Have become very popular among reading coaches, speech-language pathologists, and English as second language teachers.
- Range in sophistication from those designed for use in the primary grades to those used at the secondary and college levels.
Example: “Semantic Table” Vocabulary SMARTsheet
- Feature highly effective SBR vocabulary learning strategies associated with language-based cognitive strategies such as . . .
- Determining a definition’s critical elements
- Summarizing & visualizing
- Determining examples & non-examples
- Relating to background knowledge
- Forming real-world connections
- Analyzing critical features
- Creating visual and audio mnemonic devices
- Understanding new terms and concepts within a “bigger picture” context of the overall topic of study
- Prove useful as pre-teaching tools (e.g., tools for pre-teaching new vocabulary associated with a forthcoming lesson).
- Work well as well as post-instruction tools (used to review new vocabulary recently taught in the context of subject-matter lesson).
Example: "Process Writing" SMARTsheet
- Are designed to enable students to produce well-organized paragraphs and essays.
- Contain descriptive, narrative, expository, & persuasive formats.
- Include specific strategies for pre-writing, producing, editing, & revising.
- Range from those used at the emerging literacy level (primary grades) to those used by high school and college students.
Focus on essential understandings of math as well as cue the use of thinking strategies in:
- Mathematical concepts
- Computational processes
- Math rules/theorems
- Provide an extensive array of project-based learning strategies for enabling students to plan and execute student-investigations and make presentations as a means for learning content objectives.
- Offer a wide range of resources for supporting student- (self), peer-, and teacher-based evaluations of both how well the project-based learning strategies were used by students and of the outcomes of their work.
Example: “Who Controls the Problem?” Social / Emotional Literacy SMARTsheet
- Help learners understand social phenomena.
- Develop character & emotional stability.
- Increase social skills and strategies.
- Extend perspective-taking ability such as:
What people probably are thinking when . . . How various people may view a situation differently . . .
- Build self-regulation language skills such as . . .
- Use of positive
Self-speech * Self-monitoring Goal-setting * Self-advocacy
- Assist teachers, behavior therapists, & counselors in focusing on critical aspects of analyzing problematic behaviors and why they may be occurring.
Example:“Influence * Action * Impact ” Essential Understanding SMARTsheets™
- Dramatically increase the focus and clarity of content-area subject lessons.
- Feature a set of “Essential Understandings” about each of the most common topics taught in any science or social studies lesson:
- famous person or group - important event - significant place/geography - impacting policy - important theory or idea - war or conflict - controversial issue/debate - common belief - significant problem - impacting invention - important thing or object - key process
For example, if the social studies lesson is primarily about a famous person, MSS provides a range of SMARTsheets™ that focus on essential understandings of any famous person. Likewise, if a science lesson is primarily about a biological process, there is a range of SMARTsheets™ specifically designed to address the essential understandings associated with any process.
- Present embedded semantic cues designed to prompt students to engage in highly robust critical thinking and language-learning elaboration strategies.
- Include very powerful tools for guided notetaking, guided reading in the content area, planning writing about content-area subjects, assessing student knowledge about subjects.
- Help to structure cooperative learning discussions about a topic
SMARTsheets™ 4 Teachers are designed to enhance planning and delivery of “universal instruction,” and they provide guidelines for how to use the various SMARTsheets™ when teaching. These SMARTsheets™ contain embedded prompts that cue teachers to employ robust thinking strategies and make critical decisions as they differentiate curriculum, plan developmentally appropriate instruction and assessments, and plan accommodations.
SMARTsheets™ 4 Leaders provide instructional leaders and change agents with powerful tools designed to enhance the quality of MSS implementation or any other instructional innovation within a school building. These SMARTsheets™ focus on strategies for planning incremental change, supporting on-going efforts, and evaluating the quality/fidelity of implementation and its effect on student outcomes.
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